Who decides how we adapt to climate change? The Guardian Nov 1

The question is not whether we will reshape our institutions to manage climate impacts, but how. For decades, “stopping climate change” has been the singular goal of climate politics. Yet climate change has arrived and its material impacts are already being felt. This means that climate politics must now also encompass how society manages climate impacts already reshaping economic and social life. Insurance markets, housing, water and land use policies, national labor markets, and local economies – all will need to be radically remade as we adapt to a changed and increasingly volatile climate.[Continue reading here https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/nov/01/climate-change-adaptation]

KBS 다큐 Earth Screams as Glaciers Melt 48-min video w transcript Heating Planet blog- "Continued collapse of an ice shelf that existed for over 10,000 years is clearly an abnormal sign"

90,000 displaced people since 2000 in Himalayas. Norway's glacier area has decreased by 14%. Unstable open air flow at the Poles causes extreme cold waves, heat waves, floods, and other extreme weather events everywhere. If the Antarctic glaciers melt and the methane compressed in Ice flows out, the greenhouse effect is 80 times greater than carbon dioxide. WATCH: [Earth's Scream] What Disaster Will Happen If Glaciers Melt? KBS 다큐 Oc 31, complete 48-min transcript follows: [KBS 다큐 공식 채널입니다. 세상과 호흡하는 다큐멘터리를 전달하겠습니다.This is the official documentary channel. We deliver documentaries that breathe with the world. From South Korea]

TRANSCRIPT

That day may be approaching faster and more fatally than expected. The Steindalen Glacier in Northern Norway, Frederick who has been an ice guide here for over 15 years feels the rapid changes. The glacier is rapidly collapsing, 

Caves formed by the Glaciers that collapsed overnight- The melted ice flows like a vast River. Tunnels are forming everywhere like molehills. It's been left unattended and it could collapse at any moment.bWhat is happening to this Glacier which is no longer alive? [Footage]

2.50

Antarctica is a continent covered by a massive ice sheet thousands of meters thick.  At a research station in Southeastern Antarctica a team has been conducting underwater Explorations for several years to study changes in the Marine ecosystem. 

Antarctic sea ice ranging from several meters to hundreds of meters thick what is the Antarctic ocean look like [documentary footage and voice over of the underwater ecology and marine life dependent on the ice]

5.55

In 2015 Korea was part of the Norwegian polar Institute studying the state of the Barendt sea ice in the Arctic. They studied the thickness and extent of the Arctic for 6 months. The ice was so unstable that they had to change the survey site several times.

30 years ago you typically had ice that was like a 3 m thick after the winter and nowadays we are probably on the order of one and a half to two so we almost lost half of the thickness. 

Over the past 40 years the area of Summer Arctic sea ice has decreased by 12% every decade. If this trend continues there may not be any Arctic sea ice in the summer by 2035. 

7.10

The people of Greenland are already experiencing drastic changes. Summers are coming earlier making a difference. A practice their ancestors have practiced for Generations, children enjoy swimming instead of dog sledding. Professor Peter of New York University who studies the area is focusing on the temperature difference between the icebergs breaking off from the glacier and the seawater. The difference is a staggering 10 Degrees celsius. 

8.18

Warmer ocean currents  driven by climate change are accelerating the melting of the ice.  

The people who once lived here are now unable to maintain their traditional lifestyles as the sea ice disappears. The Earth's surface temperature has risen since industrialization in the mid 1800s. Why is the arctic ice melting so quickly?

Melt water from the glacier surface flows into drainage holes called Mullins acting as currents to move the icebergs. Where it meets the warm ocean water it begins to break off from the bottom of the glacier. 

This thinning of the ice called calving  is a natural process that occurs in glaciers. The problem is that the ice sheet is retreating. 

Recent studies show Greenland's ice sheet is retreating at a rate of 30 million tons per hour and over the past 40 years Greenland has lost an area of ice more than eight times the size of Seoul.

10.52

This shrinking sea ice is having a serious impact on marine mammals. Walruses which rest on the ice and dive into the ocean to find food are forced to compete for space. Top predators like polar bears are also at risk. While they must forage on the ice they must also scavenge for carrion where the ice has disappeared. 

Unable to find food in time, polar bears are rapidly losing weight and are facing extinction. 

The Ganges River known as the lifeline of Indian civilization is a sacred site for Hindus attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors every year.

Pilgrims perform a ritual To wash away their sins by taking the water of the Ganges River 

13.05

The Himalayas, which have the third largest number of glaciers in the world, are the source of five major rivers in Asia including the Ganges and provide drinking water to about 2 billion people.

In particular, the Kombu Himalayas near Mount Everest have so many glaciers that they are called the world's water towers. 

Every year 50,000 people come here to trek and climb, but Sherpas who make a living guiding Himalayan Mountaineers notice a distinct change here .

The snow keeps melting and the base camp location is moving higher.

Man: much snow is melting; in the Himalayan Mountains; the icefall is a rugged section of a glacier that has been rapidly flowing down leaving chunks of ice behind,

If you're planning to go to Everest, you'll have to pass through this area. As the ice gets higher, the risk of accidents increases so it's important to seek the help of a professional  who can build climbing equipment ,,,,

15,38

As the glacial  ice melts rapidly the ice lake is also growing larger 

There are more than two thousand glacial lakes in the Himalayas 47 of which are on the verge of eruption at any moment. the Dark Side of these mysteriously colored glacial lakes where glaciers have melted there is always a risk of accidents

In February 2021 the Hey[?] Himalayan Glacier plunged into a valley causing massive floods that swept through villages; two dams were destroyed and more than 200 people were killed or went missing. A glacial flood also occurred here in 2013. 

17.27

Since 2000 the Himalayas have experienced approximately 140 glacial floods per day resulting in 60,000 casualties and over 90,000 displaced people.

Even the icy continent of Antarctica cannot Escape This Global phenomenon. The king saint John research station located on King George Island at the northern tip of Antarctica is a key location. 

South Korea joined the Antarctic treaty in 1986 and has been researching climate change.

The Marion Bay located off the post north of the John station is also rapidly retreating glaciers. We established the station in 1988; back then the glaciers reached this area. Currently they are retreating by approximately 9 km from their original line at a rate of about 30 m per year 

Glaciers have now retreated to the point where cross-sections of the continents are visible. 

The poles are where perennial ice accumulates on massive continents and the ice shelf is a flat sheet of ice form when ice accumulated on a continent ….

19.25

Changes are occurring on this Antarctic ice shelf. The Bronte vignette[?] in East Antarctica recently broke away after a massive crack formed. In just one month a massive ice shelf the size of London broke away that's  2.5 times the size of Seoul. 

Ice maintains balance so it's a natural process that always happens but if it doesn't go back to the actual size of decreasing…

in 2002 the Larsen ice shelf more than five times the size of Seoul rapidly collapsed in just 3 months.  The continued collapse and shrinkage of an ice shelf that has existed for over 10,000 years is clearly an abnormal sign.

Cape Washington, a representative emperor penguin habitat in Antarctica.

emperor penguins depend absolutely on sea ice for their survival,

emperor penguins, the largest of all penguins, walk slowly but can move quickly by gliding across the ice using the propulsion of their hind legs.

They lay Eggs on the ice and raise their chicks communally.

22.00

It is estimated that there are approximately 650,000 emperor penguins living throughout Antarctica.

The breeding season for emperor penguins runs from April to January of the following year; stable sea ice is required for at least 9 months for chicks to shed their down and become adults.

Kim’s team at the jumbo protection station is studying the Ecology of emperor penguins.  The average emperor penguin weighs close to 30 kg. How will changes in Antarctica affect the animals?

They regularly collect blood feathers and feces to investigate their nutritional status.

Unlike other Penguins the Imperial penguin breeds on sea ice but recently if the sea Ice Area decreases or becomes thinner or there is any instability, there will be no space to breed.

In fact there have been recent reports of failed pre-emergence due to poor sea ice conditions and other Emperor breeding grounds in Antarctica.

In October 2022 the emperor penguin Colony on Smiley Island turned into the sea and in just 50 days, it is estimated that up to 10,000 Penguins died as sea ice was lost in various places before the chicks could hatch. Scientists warned that if this continues, 70% of the emperor Colony will disappear by 2050 and they could become extinct by 2100.

A West Antarctic sea ice ship has organized an international cooperation team to study the Thwaites Glacier region over the years. 

24.55

Antarctica, a vast continent stretching 5,000 km east to west, is covered by a massive ice sheet thick with snow. The Eastern side is high while the western side is low resulting in different rates and amounts of ice melting.  East Antarctica is mostly above sea level so ice melting is minimal while the Western Antarctic lies below sea level causing rapid melting due to rising ocean temperatures. 

One such location is the Thwaites. a massive Glacier slightly smaller than the entire Korean peninsula. An international research team set up camp there in 2022 to investigate the ice shelf in its condition.

They drill through the ice using hot water. After over 10 hours of work, they lowered measuring equipment 410 M below the ice. 

What is causing the rapid collapse of the western Antarctic Ice field?

N Bay….

27.50

The cold Antarctic ice sheet formed a protective barrier but as sea temperatures rise warm, seawater is advancing to the South. 

The warm current melts the ice below sea level and is accelerating the collapse of the ice shelves.

It will lead to an uncontrollable collapse of the Continental ice sheets.

Changes due to global warming are more serious in the Arctic.  A Glacier in Greenland is one of the fastest retreating glaciers.

Doctor William Holden of the Danish Geological Survey has installed observation instruments to measure climate wind and Ice temperature.: 

Changes in the world are closely related to The Retreat of glaciers.   

The Jacob's quadrant ice sheet accounts for 1% of global sea level rise In The minitudes as we say the east coast of the USA, and it flows up like a river of warm moist air into Greenland where it greens warmer 

There is a constant flow of air on Earth. 

The Arctic ice sheet including Greenland forms a warm air zone; the Z stream is an air current formed when cold Arctic air meets warm air rising from the equator.  However as the Arctic ice sheet shrinks the temperature difference between the Arctic and the mettitudes decreases causing the z-stream to fluctuate irregularly.

30.40

This unstable open air flow causes extreme cold waves, heat waves floods and Other Extreme weather events. [everywhere] 

Warm air is rapidly melting the ice sheet, altering air flow and even the ecosystem. 

There's a mountaineer who is sensing signs of abnormalities on Earth, a young Norwegian explorer Syndra was inspired by 150-year-old photograph of a glacier. He has been organizing an expedition for the past 2 years to document the changes in the Norwegian mountains.

He aims to find the Exact same locations as in past photos and document how much they have changed 

32.14

It was so difficult to relate to what happens if the climate or the average Emptiness is increasing.  When I kind of see how this is impacting the things I really love, then I really feel like I have to do something to reduce it.  

There for over 2,500 glaciers of which Union National Park has the largest number, Norway's Glacier area has already decreased by more than 14% And 20 glaciers in the north have completely disappeared. This is a result of global temperatures Rising by more than 1° Celsius since industrialization.

Man: Finding the exact locations as in 150-year-old photos is no easy task; roads have been built and the terrain has changed..

[photos compare then and now]

34.10

When you're sitting at home, you can see for yourself what it did. It's a huge impact and it's so sad, kind of like a living thing and when you see it see it up close you see how huge it once was you get the feeling that  something is terribly wrong.

In Peru South America 

Peru South America abnormal signs are occurring due to glaciation. 

The Peruvian glaciers along the Andes have almost disappeared; the Pastor Lee Glacier located in central Peru.

 has seen unusual changes as the glacier melts.

Professor Julio Palomino's team conducted water quality tests on a glacial Lake.  What is the condition of Lake water after glacial melt?

The lake is red in color with a pH of 2.95 which is similar to vinegar. This time they tested the amount of iron in the water.  it's a concentrated strong iron component. the iron concentration  in deluded water 0.6 the concentration of iron in the water is 30 mg 

What happened when the ice melted?

this when … [too much bkgd noise to capture dialogue]

The Village was hit hard by the polluted river water; for Generations people who had depended on the water from the past or Glacier for their livelihoods have been in trouble since the glacier disappeared 

Animal Contaminant- although they use rainwater for drinking water, they have no choice but to use contaminated water for farming and livestock. 

38.31

For making the plants live longer for the Alpine animals or the animals that live there, this is the only way to make the water last longer. Russell Glacier Southwest of Greenland. The rapidly  retreating Iceberg here poses a more serious problem. God

causing rivers to flow like volcanoes got powerful 

Massive amounts of melting ice are causing rivers to flow like volcanoes. Powerful methane gas has been discovered here. 

As the icebergs melt, ancient methane dormant within the ice Is flowing out, methane.

40.02

Gas has also been discovered on the East Siberian seafloor.  Last summer a research team from the Korea polar Research Institute discovered a vent with high concentrations of methane gas about 15 M below the Continental sea floor. 

Experts estimate that a huge amount of methane is trapped within the Antarctic Ice. In Antarctica organisms who live in an oxygen deprived environment trapped within thick ice.  For them to survive, methane production is essential;  thick ice and Antarctica means a lot of pressure the other thing is it's very cold down there now if you have methane that gets high concentrations under cold conditions where there's high pressure actually forms, 

If the Antarctic glaciers melt and the methane compressed in Ice flows out, the greenhouse effect is a whopping 80 times greater than carbon dioxide.

It could be an irreversible disaster for the Earth and Humanity. 

41.45

[Unable to transcribe this part]

45.10 

Satellite images show that the Thwaites Glacier the Mainstay of the West Antarctic ice sheet Glacier is thinning and has a distinctly flat appearance.  If the main stay of the West Antarctic ice sheet were to collapse, it would drag most of the Antarctic inland ice into the sea, experts say. If all the glaciers in Greenland and West Antarctica were to melt, sea levels would inevitably Rise by three to six meters by 2,100.

[graphic of coastal cities underwater]

Scientists warn that even if the global temperature average increases 1.5 Celsius above pre-industrial levels, the glacier collapse may not be preventable.

40.15 

They are a thermostat and that's why ice is the most important thing to think about. When we play with our planet, we are risking much bigger changes that are not part of the natural variability of the planet.

The Icelandic glaciers which had been alive and breathing for 700 years lost their status as glaciers after 19 years .Within 200 years all glaciers may follow the same path. 

The ice that gave birth to humanity's rain still holds the future of humans and all life in its hands.

***

[KE: Everything climate scientists predicted about global warming since the 1970s is coming true, only faster.]