Transcript

for documentary film showing here:

https://cityofangels25.blogspot.com/2025/10/russia-permafrost-melting-methane.html 

He's 0:17 appreci telling them to the 0:38 deep in the cold heart of Siberia, the earth is unraveling. 0:45 The men are looking down into a mega slum. 0:50 A giant collapse of ground that was once frozen. 1:02 A disturbing sound emerges from the deep. 1:07 It is the sound of climate change. [Music] 1:24 [Music] 1:43 [Music] 1:54 Arctic nomads are heading inland with their herds of reindeer. Nenets Migration Halted by Thin River Ice 2:00 The Nennard's coastal pastures are buried under snow. 2:15 Journeys are arduous. However, it is what they do and have always done. Their 2:21 migration between summer and winter pastures follows the seasons. 2:38 At the banks of Russia's OB River, everything comes to a sudden standstill. 2:45 Its eststerie is several kilome wide and they have to get across it. 

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2:53 The chiefs are skeptical. Will the ice carry them? 3:00 Winters here are growing warmer from one year to the next. Climate change has 3:07 reached the Ninets and their herds. It is as though their land were running 3:12 a fever. [Music] 3:22 Leonid Serotto is the most experienced member of the clan. 3:28 [Music] 3:33 He checks the ice sheet along the riverbank again and again looking for a 3:38 safe passage to cross. It's a harrowing and dangerous mission. 3:45 It was only a few years ago that there was no danger of the ice breaking when the herds crossed the river. 3:58 It's no more than 25 cm. All the rivers and lakes are freezing 4:04 over a month later than they used to. There's a huge difference when you compare it to the 80s and 90s. We're a 4:12 month late. A whole month. We really need to cross over in November, but now 4:18 it doesn't look as though we'll make it until December. [Music] 4:26 25 cm is too thin. The ice could break under the weight of almost a thousand 4:33 reindeers. There's only one solution to set up camp 4:39 and wait. It's - 10°. 4:47 For a safe layer of ice to build, they need the temperature to go down to at least minus30 for several days. 4:56 The Nets don't have much in the way of possessions. Their tent, the tomb, and all their 5:03 other belongings fit onto a few slays. 5:09 [Music] Alexander Vulvitzki has been conducting Scientists Warn: Siberia's Permafrost is Key 5:14 research on the life of the Nenets for many years. In a normal situation, it's 5:20 like a good turnover of all these families, all of all these brigades and they are one by one crossing the Opriva. 5:28 If there is no ice on it, of course, they have to stay to wait and lots of 5:34 problem connected with it. Not only uh reindeer grazing pastures, they have to watch uh their heads. They have to 5:41 protect them from mixing and it's a very hot period for them. 5:49 New groups arrive and join the people waiting. 5:55 The animals are nervous. For several hours, the men tried to 6:00 restore order and separate the herds. [Music] 

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6:12 The reindeers are the Nennet's most valuable possession. 6:20 They are the family's life insurance. 6:29 A sense of exhaustion and frustration spreads over the camp. They urgently 6:36 need to move on now. There is hardly anything left for the animals to feed on. 6:43 Nomads used to travel around the whole of the tundra with no limitations. 6:51 But now they are trapped in the huge expanse of snow. 6:59 [Music] 7:06 In the 80s, the hard frosts came in November - 30°, 7:12 but recently there have been more and more warm periods. It's good if we even get down to -20 for 7:20 example. But now it's only - 9 and for Monday the 7:26 forecast is only minus 3. [Music] 7:34 Changes in Arctic Russia has put the international scientific community into 7:39 a state of high alert. 7:54 Alexander Falavitzki is on the way to a conference attended by climate researchers from all corners of the 8:01 world. 8:06 We usually think about reindeer but of course the frozen ground of Siberia the 8:12 perafrost is essential to the understanding of climate change as a whole ecosystem 8:18 we'll expect almost half of the entire north polear region belongs to Russia 8:26 again however information from this enormous area is scarce of climate 8:31 change Siberia is very important important for uh promophor research because uh more than half of the 8:39 promoperos is in Siberia and any conclusions or understanding what permafro how perfor is changing now will 8:46 be not complete without information from Siberia. Siberia is a continent within a 8:54 continent. An enormous wilderness within the midst of the untouched 8:59 landscape. The earth is in motion. 9:05 The elders always talked about here as a mysterious place. Sometimes they say 9:10 lights like ghosts flicker and fluctuate down below. Craters, Bones, and Ancient Viruses Emerge 9:25 A huge abbis has opened up. A crater over a kilometer long. 9:32 There was no hole here in earlier times. But then the earth started to open up and water from the deep flushed the 9:39 frozen soil away. The two men are bone hunters, 9:44 Siberia's soldiers of fortune. 9:52 The thoring process brings to light organic material that is thousands of years old. 10:03 A lot of bones have been found here. Most of them were tusks or bones from 10:08 bisons, even some from a rhinoceros. But that was only once. After that, nobody 10:14 ever uncovered rhino bones again. 10:25 Tusks were found here, but not complete ones, only pieces. 10:31 And then there were the vertebrae and something like a head and bone fragments. 10:38 The tusks can weigh around 60 to 65 kilos, sometimes even 70. And three 10:44 years ago, a small, wellpreserved primeval fo was found. It still even had 10:49 flesh and fur on it. 10:56 The problem is not only that the ancient bones are thoring in Siberia's perafrost 11:02 soil. Other organic material including hides and the remains of flesh that has been 11:08 preserved for 20, 50, or 100,000 years is now being unearthed and entering the 11:15 world of today. Analyzing these substances, 11:22 researchers have made discoveries that are both exciting and disturbing. 11:30 [Music] 

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This is really a new type of a new life form. 11:37 This is a giant virus from Siberia that was actually formed 30,000 11:44 year ago. And this thing is probably 20 times larger in length which make the whole 11:51 thing 8,000 times bigger in term of volume than a regular virus which is 11:58 amazing when you think that this virus is actually now alive and well in our 12:04 laboratory. The perafrost in the Arctic is melting, 12:11 is throwing, we say we we say technically. And so many things that are in the perafrost, even very ancient 12:17 perafrost are now released on present earth. And so if there are some of those 12:23 viruses which are pathogenic to human, animal or plants are still alive, are 12:28 still infectious, then we have a real risk with permafrost melt. The real Anthrax Outbreak in the Thawing Tundra 12:34 danger this represents suddenly became clear in 2016 12:39 on the Yamal Peninsula. Reindeer and their nomads became ill. A task force 12:45 had to take control when the first person died. 12:50 And this is the spot of potentially risky territories on which the antrax 12:58 was described 2016. It was a huge catastrophe for the whole reindeer hurting at Himal. And now Andrax reached 13:06 the Imal Peninsula. 13:12 There was a verdict of specialists who said that the props showed that it was 13:19 uh the antrax the serious disease very dangerous to animals to people and 13:26 something should be done immediately. Anthrax is highly infectious. It can 13:32 lead to death due to multiple organ failure within just a few days. The entire region was cordoned off to 13:40 contain the epidemic. The purpose was to destroy. But uh there 13:46 are different ideas even in science. What's the best way in such a situation? Whether we should make a special I 13:53 should say biological holes like a biological grace for this infected material or better simply to well burn 14:00 it as strong as possible. 14:11 A year later in 2017, they made special prop on a certain place of burning over 14:17 a certain carcass of infected reindeer and the analysis showed that we have a 14:23 very high concentration of the spores active spores of antrax on that place. 14:29 So we may say for sure that these area of tandra is infected and of course 14:35 there is well it is closed now new viruses. However this is only the 14:42 beginning but now we are totally changing dimension here because now we are 14:48 talking about 35,000 years and those are viruses. with viruses and especially new 14:54 viruses, you know, when you have the flu or when you get any kind of of disease that is a viral disease, it's more 15:00 difficult to treat. And so for some of them, we don't have any treatment. Okay. So now we have a problem which is 35,000 15:07 year old. We don't know what was there. That was neonatal. That was other people there. That was other animals. So we 15:14 don't know which kind of species this virus was actually infecting. Okay. And 15:19 also this virus is uh could be totally unknown. Okay. The risk is we are 15:25 totally confronted to new viruses. We know nothing about it. And also very old virus for which our immune system for 15:32 example has absolutely no protection because our species has never seen this 15:37 kind of virus before. The hazards that emerge from the ice are 15:43 very real. Arctic warming is progressing at a much faster pace than originally ever 15:50 conceived. Changes in ocean currents and winds speed up the thoring process, 15:56 triggering further chain reactions that are difficult to gauge. 16:02 A team of Russian wildlife biologists is on its way to a group of remote islands in the Car Sea. 16:19 Arctic wildlife often responds quickly to environmental changes, providing an Ivory Gulls vs. Polar Bears on Melting Ice 16:25 early warning that something is wrong. And there is something wrong with the 16:30 ivory gulls on UI Denya Island. Ivory gulls live only in high arctic 16:37 regions and generally breed on flat gravel plains along the edges of glacias. 16:45 For years, Maria Gabriillo and her team have been mapping all the breeding colonies. 16:51 They have discovered that there has been a sharp decline in the ivory gull numbers, but up to now they have been 16:58 unable to find an explanation. The biologists examine all known 17:03 breeding sites on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. It is a massive undertaking in this vast 17:10 Arctic wilderness. Many colonies have been deserted like 17:17 this one near an old weather station. The scientists find that although the 17:22 colony has significantly diminished, there are still a few gulls left. 17:39 The gulls have completely changed their breeding behavior, seeking out raised 17:45 areas. Ground breeders have become roofreeders. 17:53 As far as anyone knows, the birds have never behaved like this before. 17:58 The scientists wonder whether the golds would still be breeding in this area if the deserted buildings hadn't been 18:05 there. 18:15 If the colony breeds successfully, the gulls will always return to the same place. But now the situation is 18:21 different. [Music] Maria has a hunch. It seems to her that 18:29 the gulls are probably avoiding predators. 18:36 As we all know, polar bears rely heavily on sea ice. Because the ice is melting 18:41 earlier, polar bears are stranded on the islands. They're faced with a dilemma. Desperately in search of prey, they end 18:48 up in a colony of 2,000 gouls, eating virtually everything they can find close to the ground. Eggs, fledglings, 18:55 everything. If this kind of thing continues to happen, the gulls will abandon the breeding ground and the 19:00 colony. 19:07 Looks to me as though the birds are going up onto the roofs to avoid the bears. 19:19 The shrinkage of sea ice is evidently making one species push another towards 19:25 extinction. as it fights for survival. 19:31 [Music] 19:40 Compact sea ice is vital for polar bears. They can only hunt seals, their 19:46 most important prey, from an elevated position on the ice flows. 19:52 The ice is melting earlier in the spring. and reappearing later in the 19:57 autumn. The polar bears are trapped on dry land for longer periods. 20:06 Driven by hunger, they move around in search of food. [Music] 20:19 Gull eggs and fledglings are far too low energy for polar bears. But if there is 20:24 no alternative, groundbreeders are a welcome prey. 20:29 [Music] Under the extreme conditions of the 20:35 Arctic, there is a very fine line between life and death. If the prevailing conditions collapse, it 20:42 becomes a question of mere survival. 20:55 Individual bears somehow managed to survive until the sea ice reappears. 21:05 [Music] Others take risks covering enormous 21:11 distances. 21:22 turning up in places where they have never ventured before. Polar Bears in Norilsk: Wildlife out of Place 21:51 We can only guess how this bear might have lost its way and ended up here. 21:56 The industrial town of Nurilk is almost 100 miles away from the coast. 22:03 Polar bears have never been seen here before. 22:12 [Music] In the summer of 2019, the bear wandered around the Russian 22:19 mining town for days. The animal was emaciated and exhausted. 22:27 [Music] 22:48 Even if a bear like this one should find its way back to the coast, it is likely 22:53 that it will face a sea that is much too warm with no pack ice in sight. 23:01 [Music] 23:13 [Music] 

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Caught between two worlds, it has little 23:22 chance of survival in either. 23:35 The warming of the Arctic coastline radiates inland. 23:42 No human has ever lived here. And yet there is a problem. 23:56 The canyons of Purana are located on a main migration route for wild reindeer. 24:03 Russia's largest herds once passed along here twice a year. They headed north to 24:08 the tundra in summer and then back to the tiger in the late autumn. 24:14 Reindeer have migrated along these frozen valley floors for thousands of years. However, the rivers are melting Reindeer Migration Thrown Off by Early Thaw 24:21 earlier and earlier from year to year. 24:32 [Music] This has serious consequences for the 24:37 animals. Long detours use up a lot of precious energy and increasingly often they have 24:45 to cross thin ice. Their migration has become a race 24:50 against the early Thor. Many sections of the route are already underwater. 24:56 The canyons will soon be completely impossible. [Music] 25:10 When Pulana thors, it is a force to be reckoned with. 25:17 Just a short time ago, there were ice roads here. And now, powerful masses of 25:24 water thunder down to the tundra. [Music] 25:29 Here, spring is well advanced. 25:40 The herds reach the plains exhausted from the many detours they have taken. 25:45 They have lost precious time. Many of the females have already given 25:50 birth to young, but the summer pastures are still hundreds of kilometers away. 26:02 [Applause] The lakes and rivers in the lowlands are 26:08 already completely free of ice. There is no end to the complications the 26:13 exhausted reindeer face. Their journey is fast turning into an obstacle race. 26:29 [Music] 26:34 In a normal year, most offspring will make this trip in the safety of the womb. Most of the young will be born 26:41 once the herd has reached the summer pastures. 26:51 Patterns of reindeer migration that have developed over thousands of years are being thrown off balance. 26:59 Regardless, the reindeer's instinct drives them ever onwards. Old survival strategies suddenly lead 27:06 them headlong into danger. 27:18 If their environment changes too quickly, even common species can be pushed to the 27:24 brink of extinction in next to no time. 27:37 The Arctic seasons are losing their equilibrium. One reason for this imbalance is literally in the air. 27:53 Siberia is considered to be the green lung of the north. Yakushia's large forest alone absorbs a large proportion 28:00 of global carbon dioxide emissions and produces oxygen. Yakuzia is a very 28:06 special place for the palm across in the worldwide point of view. Here is a very 28:12 continuous palacross and a very deep palm crust. 28:19 The active soil layer is ice free in the summer and the tree roots are shallow. 28:25 We are measuring the soil structure profile in the active layer and uh we 28:32 also measuring soil temperature. 28:38 Using this method, the Japanese team now records the humidity of the woodland soil and temperature 28:51 and the palacross as you know due to the global warming the shadow palos layer will be so and ground ice will melt. So 29:02 we have a a change of active layer and soil moisture content in the active 29:09 layer. We don't know in future whether the drier active area will be drier or 29:16 wet. It's a simple question but a vital one. 29:24 If we compare the data set from uh in previous year or previous 10 years data, 29:30 then we found the active layer depths getting deeper and deeper and the 29:37 shallow soil layer becoming warmer and warmer. 29:42 Like an enormous sponge, tiger soils retain huge amounts of moisture during 29:47 the summer months. If they dry out, they lose their storage capacity. And if on 29:53 top of this, there is no rain, the water balance of the whole region will be in 29:58 serious trouble. 30:08 In the summer of 2019, almost the whole of Yakushia experienced 30:14 a record low in its water levels. Rivers like the Olenuk, which is 10 30:20 times as long as the Tempames, turned into minute rivullets and almost dried 30:25 up. This even got in the way of scientific 30:30 research. A team of Yakut biologists is out searching for a subspecies of wild 30:37 reindeer. Their search takes them deep into the Siberian forests, which can only be 30:43 reached by a boat along the rivers. There is no other way of traveling to 30:48 their destination. And now even a light metal boat like this one runs a ground. 30:58 The only way to proceed is on foot using muscle power. 31:05 The men's goal is to fit satellite collars to forest reindeer. These subspecies live in the central Siberian 31:12 tiger. 31:18 The biologists suspect that the animals pass through here on their way to their winter quarters in the south. 31:30 Because it has hardly rained this year, there's not much water in the Oenok. 31:38 This means the reindeer have many different routes to choose from. The deeper paths are only here and we 31:44 have a good view of them in both directions. 31:52 A waiting game in the Siberian summer. Forest reindeer move in smaller groups 31:58 than their relatives in the north. The animals usually cross the river alone. 32:07 Wild forest reindeer do not live in the open country. and therefore are more difficult to spot. 32:19 The men are in search of specimens with large antlers. Everything then has to happen quickly. 32:33 Their 32:41 method may seem a little rough, 32:46 but it works. Every move is perfect. They screw the 32:51 collar together at the ends, but it has a predetermined breaking point. It will 32:57 fall off on its own after about a year. 33:16 The animals traumatic experience is over quickly. [Applause] 33:23 It is spared the side effects of anesthesia. 33:30 [Music] In spite of a few isolated successes, 33:37 the biologists are unable to complete their mission. The extremely low water level prevents 33:43 them from continuing their search. Researchers whose work could help determine the effects of climate change 33:50 are being held up by the effects themselves. 33:56 [Music] It has never been so dry here. If parts 34:04 of Siberia turn into deserts, there will be harsh consequences for the world climate. 34:10 The drying up of the tiger and its rivers alone would have disastrous effects. 34:16 Forests dry as tinder are highly flammable, and thunderstorms with dry 34:21 lightning have been on the increase for years. 34:27 [Music] Wildfires Consume Siberia's Forests 34:33 In the summer of 2019, Siberia went down under gigantic clouds 34:39 of smoke. The fires spread rapidly. 34:45 [Music] The only thing the special task forces 34:51 could do was to try and keep the fires away from the settlements. The fire sources spread over an area as 34:58 large as Australia. A situation like this is beyond all 35:04 control. 35:13 2019 became a year of fire disasters in Siberia. 35:22 Over 5 million hectares of forests were in flames, more than ever has been 35:27 recorded. Any attempt to extinguish the fire in 35:33 this enormous area was like a mere drop in the ocean. [Music] 35:45 Fires are nothing unusual in Siberia, but no one knows how it will ultimately 35:50 affect forest ecosystems if they break out as frequently as this. 36:04 The effects for the climate are indeterminable. While central Siberia buckles under 36:11 forest fires, the cold steps around the Arctic Circle are receiving more precipitation than they used to. 36:24 [Music] 36:30 In the northern Urals, the nomads do not take long to respond. 36:36 The grazing grounds yield more than ever before. They delay their departure to their winter quarters by several weeks. 36:45 The longer the animals can feed here, the better they will withstand the winter. 36:56 Few people on earth are as reliant on the whims of nature as the Nordic tribes of Russia. 37:02 The Nenetss, Ki, Aen, and Chukchi are all extremely dependent on their 37:08 environment. [Music] 37:14 They barely think of anything as abstract as the climate. What counts for 37:19 them is the weather on a daily basis. 37:25 [Music] At the moment, it brings them rain more 37:31 often than snow, but with one or two more reindeer pulling the sleigh, they 37:36 can still get by. 37:54 Yuri is Russian and a trained geologist. There is hardly anyone who knows the 38:00 polar Urals better than he does. He gave up his job in science. 38:06 He can no longer earn a living from his former special subject. the frozen soil 38:12 patterns of the mountain tundra. 38:21 He has held on to his archaic tundra buggy. He can still get anywhere with it. Even though the slopes are sinking 38:28 into the mud and the tundra is turning into bush. 38:49 For the Nennets, Yuri is a link to the outside world. They meet up every couple 38:54 of weeks for a little exchange in the middle of nowhere. 39:12 Fresh reindeer meat, hides, or velvet antlers are the goods they have to offer. 39:22 In exchange, they receive useful sustenance to take the edge off the arduous life of a shepherd. 39:33 Yuri has lived in the Arctic Circle for over 40 years. Although he no longer 39:38 works as a geologist, he witnesses climate change in a way that few other people can. The appearance of the Arctic 39:46 is changing right before his very eyes. 39:52 Everything is in flux. Everything is changing. The rivers are changing their courses. 39:58 Brooks are drying out. There is less snow. 40:03 Nature as a whole is reshaping itself. The vegetation is getting higher. And 40:09 new plants that never grew here before. 40:14 [Applause] 40:21 Where will it all lead to? The future will show us. Mind you, 40 years is not a very long time in comparison with a 40:28 century. And even in that time you can see all these changes happening. What does it mean on a global scale if you 40:34 experience changes like this in a matter of just 40 years? [Music] 40:43 Treeless tundra is growing up and turning into a kind of polar savannah. 40:48 But what about the changes that are not immediately visible? Like an organic 40:54 time bomb smoldering in the thoring perafrost of the Russian Arctic. 41:00 A bomb that is not so easy to diffuse. 41:06 Roman Petro from the Perafrost Institute in Yakutsk takes regular air samples 41:11 above the tiger. I'm in charge of air sampling. We choose this area because we 41:17 don't have a big plants and the footprint of people here is low. It's a 41:22 perfect condition to investigate the greenhouse gases in natural environment 41:27 such a tiger zone. 41:35 [Music] The researcher flies over the test region several times a year. Here, far 41:43 away from any industrial emissions, one would expect the atmosphere to have a largely natural composition. 41:53 [Music] But invisible as it is, what Roman is collecting here in his bottles has an 42:00 explosive message. It affects not only Siberia but the 42:06 atmosphere of the entire globe. 42:18 So far we figure out that concentration of greenhouse gases is rising due to the 42:24 perfor degradation. Especially in case of tundra, we can see that concentration of 42:30 greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane is rising every year. Siberia's 42:37 perafrost consists of organic layers from many thousands of years of the earth's history. If they thaw, the world 42:44 will have a problem, and they are thoring quickly. In the summer of 2014, strange bulges Methane Craters & the Arctic Tipping Point 42:52 appeared for the first time in the Jamaal Tundra. There were rumors of eruptions and shooting flames. 43:00 In the meantime, we know for sure that this was caused by methane pushing its way upwards. This is the strongest 43:06 greenhouse gas we know of. More than 300 of these craters have appeared up to now 43:12 and the numbers are growing. If climate warming will continue in the 43:17 same rate like it was happening during the last 30 years uh by the end of the 43:23 century I would say 75% or even more of promos will be throwing 43:30 in in Siberia chromos now contain about uh twice more carbon than it is in the 43:38 atmosphere if part of this carbon will be released into the atmosphere in a 43:44 form of CO2 or especially methane then the climate warming will accelerate. 43:52 Why we cannot come back? Because the amount of ice was sequestered, the amount of carbon was sequestered and 43:58 permafrost required thousands and tens of thousands of years. So everything 44:03 melting now ice and releasing or organic material is we cannot put it back in say 44:12 100 years of time frame. It will need new ice age to put all this material 44:19 back. So too too long for humans. 44:34 The point of no return has arrived for the nomads at the river Ob for more than 44:40 2 weeks. They have been waiting for lower temperatures. 44:46 In the past, we would have been at the other side much earlier. It would have been -40 - 35°. 44:55 Our fathers and forefathers crossed over here just as we will cross over. It is 45:01 really scary when the first person sets foot on the ice. When he drives the herd on, a fog will often come up and you 45:08 lose sight of the animals. Then you ask yourself, where are you driving them to? 45:13 Will the ice break underneath them or won't it? 45:23 That eerie sound is something the Nennets will have to get used to. 45:34 Finally, they dare to make a move. They drive their reindeer onto the thin 45:41 ice. [Music] 45:54 The Nets are already experiencing consequences that the people who caused 45:59 the climate change will face in the future. They have to make a choice between two 46:05 decisions, neither of which is attractive. [Music] 46:12 What it means for them is this. Either the animals will starve or they 46:18 will drown. 46:24 The herd feels its way along the banks. Here the ice is solid right through to 46:29 the riverbed, so there is no danger of it breaking. 46:36 The time has come. Upon a signal, they turn onto the river. 46:43 As Kudy predicted, the herd fades into the twilight of the 46:51 polar night. [Music] 47:11 The Russian Arctic is a melting pot of climate change. 47:16 An area larger than Australia is undergoing a radical change. 47:21 [Music] 47:30 It is thoring on the land, in the sea, and deep down in the earth. 47:37 Currently, scientists only understand selected phenomena. 47:43 [Music] The metabolism of this huge Arctic organism is too complex. 48:01 This much is clear. The change is gathering speed and it seems to have reached the point of no 48:07 return. In the Russian Arctic, 48:13 Pandora's box has been opened. 48:23 [Music] The inhabitants, both humans and 48:31 animals, are already up to their necks in water. 48:38 But not all of them see themselves as being on the losing side. 48:43 [Music] 48:49 In August 2019, an expedition of the Russian Navy crossed the Arctic Ocean and came across 48:57 five islands that were previously unknown. 49:02 Freshly thored virgin territory, it was buried under the glaciers for thousands 49:08 of years. [Music] 49:18 As the ice melts, the largest state on Earth is getting a fraction larger. 49:31 [Music] 49:41 [Music] No human being has ever set foot on this 49:47 land before. [Music] 49:53 Taking possession of it is a little reminiscent of the first men landing on 49:59 the moon. So in my chair number 50:07 [Music] 50:22 mission complete. [Music] 50:30 We still have no idea what kind of world the climate change in the Russian North is leading to. 50:40 One thing is certain, nothing will remain as it was before. 50:45 [Music]